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The assert() statement is a convenient mechanism for incorporating diagnostic tests in code. Expressions used with the standard assert statement must avoid side effects. Typically, the behavior of the assert statement depends on the status of a runtime property. When enabled, the assert statement is designed to evaluate its expression argument and throw an AssertionError if the result of the expression is false. When disabled, assert is defined to be a no-operation; any side effects resulting from evaluation of the expression in the assertion are lost when assertions are disabled. Consequently, use of side-effecting expressions in assertions is forbidden.

Noncompliant Code Example

This noncompliant code example demonstrates an action being carried out in an assertion. The idea is to delete all the null names from the list; however, the boolean expression is unexpectedly not evaluated when assertions are disabled.

private ArrayList<String> names;

void process(int index) {
  assert names.remove(null); // side-effect 
  // ...
}

Compliant Solution

Avoid the possibility of side effects in assertions. This can be achieved by decoupling the boolean expression from the assertion.

private ArrayList<String> names;

void process(int index) {
  boolean nullsRemoved = names.remove(null);
  assert nullsRemoved; // no side-effect 
  // ... 
}

Risk Assessment

Side effects in assertions results in program behavior that depends on whether assertions are enabled or disabled.

Automated Detection

Automated detection of assertion operands that contain locally-visible side effects is straightforward. Some analyses could require programmer assistance to determine which method invocations could contain side effects.

Related Guidelines

Bibliography

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