Methods return values to communicate failure or success and at other times, to update the caller's objects or fields. Security risks can arise if return values are simply ignored or if suitable action is not taken on their receipt. Return values may be ignored intentionally or even unintentionally. For example, when getter methods that return a value are named after an action, such as {{ProcessBuilder.redirectErrorStream()}}, a programmer may not realize that a return value is expected. Incidentally, the only purpose of the {{redirectErrorStream()}} method is to tell using a return value, whether the process builder merges standard error and standard output. The action of actually redirecting the error stream is performed by its overloaded single argument version. It is important to read the API documentation so that return values are not ignored.
{mc}
Another example is ignoring the return value from add() on a HashSet. If duplicate, false will be returned.
{mc}
h2. Noncompliant Code Example
This noncompliant code example attempts to delete a file, but does not check whether the operation has succeeded.
{code:bgColor=#FFcccc}
File someFile = new File("someFileName.txt");
// do something with someFile
someFile.delete();
{code}
h2. Compliant Solution
This compliant solution checks the ({{boolean}}) value returned by the {{delete()}} method and, if necessary, handles the error.
{code:bgColor=#ccccff}
File someFile = new File("someFileName.txt");
// do something with someFile
if (!someFile.delete()) {
// handle the fact that the file has not been deleted
}
{code}
h2. Noncompliant Code Example
This noncompliant code example ignores the return value of the {{String.replace}} method. As a result, the original string is not updated even though it seems otherwise. The {{String.replace()}} method does not modify the state of the {{String}} but instead, returns a reference to a new {{String}} object with the replacements in place.
{code:bgColor=#FFcccc}
public class Ignore {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String original = "insecure";
original.replace( 'i', '9' );
System.out.println(original);
}
}
{code}
h2. Compliant Solution
This compliant solution correctly updates the {{original}} {{String}} object by assigning to it the return value.
{code:bgColor=#ccccff}
public class DoNotIgnore {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String original = "insecure";
original = original.replace( 'i', '9' );
System.out.println(original);
}
}
{code}
Another source of security vulnerabilities caused by ignoring return values is detailed in guideline [FIO02-J. Keep track of bytes read and account for character encoding while reading data].
h2. Risk Assessment
Ignoring method return values can lead to unanticipated program behavior.
|| Guideline || Severity || Likelihood || Remediation Cost || Priority || Level ||
| EXP00-J | medium | probable | medium | {color:#cc9900}{*}P8{*}{color} | {color:#cc9900}{*}L2{*}{color} |
h3. Automated Detection
The Coverity Prevent Version 5.0 *CHECKED_RETURN* checker can detect the instance where Value returned from a function is not checked for errors before being used.
h3. Related Vulnerabilities
Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule on the [CERT website|https://www.kb.cert.org/vulnotes/bymetric?searchview&query=FIELD+KEYWORDS+contains+EXP02-J].
h2. Other Languages
This rule appears in the C Secure Coding Standard as [seccode:EXP12-C. Do not ignore values returned by functions].
This rule appears in the C+\+ Secure Coding Standard as [cplusplus:EXP12-CPP. Do not ignore values returned by functions or methods].
h2. References
\[[API 2006|AA. Java References#API 06]\] method [delete()|http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/io/File.html#delete()]
\[[API 2006|AA. Java References#API 06]\] method [replace()|http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html#replace(char,%20char)]
\[[Green 2008|AA. Java References#Green 08]\] ["String.replace"|http://mindprod.com/jgloss/gotchas.html]
\[[Pugh 2009|AA. Java References#Pugh 09]\] misusing putIfAbsent
\[[MITRE 2009|AA. Java References#MITRE 09]\] [CWE ID 252|http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/252.html] "Unchecked Return Value"
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[!The CERT Sun MicrosystemsOracle Secure Coding Standard for Java^button_arrow_left.png!|04. Expressions (EXP)] [!The CERT Sun MicrosystemsOracle Secure Coding Standard for Java^button_arrow_up.png!|04. Expressions (EXP)] [!The CERT Sun MicrosystemsOracle Secure Coding Standard for Java^button_arrow_right.png!|EXP01-J. Do not compare String objects using equality or relational operators]
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