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However, classes that use mutable static fields must always internally synchronize accesses to their fields. This is because there is no guarantee that all clients will synchronize externally when accessing the field. Because a static field is shared by all clients, unrelated clients may violate the contract by not performing adequate synchronization.

Noncompliant Code Example

This noncompliant code example does not synchronize access to the static field counter.

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It relies on clients to externally synchronize the object and states its thread-unsafe behavior in the documentation. However, there is no guarantee that all unrelated (trusted or untrusted) clients will follow this advice.

Compliant Solution

This compliant solution internally synchronizes the counter field and does not depend on any external synchronization.

class CountHits {
  private static int counter;
  
  public synchronized void incrementCounter() {
    counter++;
  }
}

Risk Assessment

Failing to internally synchronize classes containing accessible static members can result in unexpected results when a client fails to obey the external synchronization policy.

Automated Detection

TODO

Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule on the CERT website.

References

\[[API 06|AA. Java References#API 06]\] 
\[[Bloch 08|AA. Java References#Bloch 08]\] Item 67: "Avoid excessive synchronization"

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