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The Java Language Specification, Section 15.17.3, "Remainder Operator %" states

The remainder operation for operands that are integers after binary numeric promotion (§5.6.2) produces a result value such that (a/b)*b+(a%b) is equal to a. This identity holds even in the special case that the dividend is the negative integer of largest possible magnitude for its type and the divisor is -1 (the remainder is 0). It follows from this rule that the result of the remainder operation can be negative only if the dividend is negative, and can be positive only if the dividend is positive; moreover, the magnitude of the result is always less than the magnitude of the divisor.

The result of the remainder operator has the same sign as the dividend (the first operand in the expression).

5 % 3 produces 2
5 % (-3) produces 2
(-5) % 3 produces -2
(-5) % (-3) produces  -2

As a result, code that depends upon the remainder operation always returns a positive result is erroneous.

Noncompliant Code Example

This noncompliant code example uses the integer hashKey as an index into the hash array. A negative hash key produces a negative result from the remainder operator causing the lookup() method to throw java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException.

private int SIZE = 16;	
public int[] hash = new int[SIZE];
	
public int lookup(int hashKey) {
  return hash[hashKey % SIZE];
}

Compliant Solution

This compliant solution calls the imod() method that always returns a positive remainder.

// method imod() gives non-negative result
private int SIZE = 16;
public int[] hash = new int[SIZE];

private int imod(int i, int j) {
  int temp = i % j;
  return (temp < 0) ? -temp : temp; // unary - will succeed without overflow  
                                    // because temp cannot be Integer.MIN_VALUE
}
	
public int lookup(int hashKey) {
  return hash[imod(hashKey, size)];
}

Risk Assessment

Incorrectly assuming a positive remainder from a remainder operation can result in erroneous code.

Automated Detection

Automated detection of uses of the % operator is straightforward. Sound determination of whether those uses correctly reflect the intent of the programmer is infeasible in the general case. Heuristic warnings could be useful.

Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this guideline on the CERT website.

Related Guidelines

C Secure Coding Standard: INT10-C. Do not assume a positive remainder when using the % operator

C++ Secure Coding Standard: INT10-CPP. Do not assume a positive remainder when using the % operator

Bibliography

\[[JLS 2005|AA. Bibliography#JLS 05]\] [Section 15.17.3|http://java.sun.com/docs/books/jls/third_edition/html/expressions.html#15.17.3] "Remainder Operators"

      03. Numeric Types and Operations (NUM)      NUM02-J. Avoid performing bitwise and arithmetic operations on the same data