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Nested classes are a broad set of classes that are classified as static member and inner classes. "An inner class is a nested class that is not explicitly or implicitly declared static." \[[JLS 05|AA. Java References#JLS 05]\] Section 8.1.3. An inner class may be local, anonymous or non-static.

Nested Inner class usage is prone to error unless the semantics are well understood. A common notion is that only the outer class can access the contents of the nested inner class(es). Not only does the inner nested class have access to the private fields of the outer class, the same fields can be accessed by another class in the package depending on whether the inner nested class is declared public or if it contains public methods/constructors.

Noncompliant Code Example

The code in this noncompliant example illegally exposes the (x,y) coordinates through the getPoint() method of the inner class. The AnotherClass class can as a result illegally access the coordinates which is clearly not desired.

class Coordinates {
  private int x;
  private int y;

  public class Point {
    public void getPoint() {
      System.out.println("(" + x + "," + y + ")");    
    }
  }
}

class AnotherClass {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Coordinates c = new Coordinates();
    Coordinates.Point p = c.new Point();
    p.getPoint();
  }        
}

Compliant Solution

Use the private access specifier for declaring the inner class(es) and all contained methods and constructors. The compiler will refuse to compile AnotherClass because of its attempt to access a private nested class.

class Coordinates {
  private int x;
  private int y;

  private class Point {
    private void getPoint() {
      System.out.println("(" + x + "," + y + ")");    
    }
  }
}

class AnotherClass {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Coordinates c = new Coordinates();
    Coordinates.Point p = c.new Point();    // fails to compile
    p.getPoint();
  }        
}

Risk Assessment

The Java Language System weakens the access of private entities in inner classes which may result in a security weakness.

Automated Detection

TODO

Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule on the CERT website.

References

\[[JLS 05|AA. Java References#JLS 05]\] Section 8.1.3 Inner Classes and Enclosing Instances
\[[McGraw 00|AA. Java References#McGraw 00]\]
\[[Long 05|AA. Java References#Long 05]\] Section 2.3, Inner Classes