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enum HydroCarbonsHydroCarbon {
    METHANE, ETHANE, PROPANE, BUTANE, PENTANE,
    HEXANE, HEPTANE, OCTANE, NONANE, DECANE;

    public int getNumberOfCarbons() {
        return ordinal() + 1;
    }
}
public class TestHC {
    public static void main(String args[]) {
        ...
        HydroCarbonsHydroCarbon hc = HydroCarbonsHydroCarbon.HEXANE;
        int index = hc.getNumberOfCarbons();
        int noHyd = NumberOfHydrogen[index]; // Can cause ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
    }
}

enum HydroCarbonsHydroCarbon {
    METHANE(1), ETHANE(2), PROPANE(3), BUTANE(4), PENTANE(5),
    HEXANE(6), BENZENE(6), HEPTANE(7), OCTANE(8), NONANE(9), DECANE(10);

    private final int numberOfCarbons;

    HydroCarbons(int carbons) { this.numberOfCarbons = carbons; }

    public int getNumberOfCarbons() {
        return numberOfCarbons;
    }
}