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The Java classes used by a program are not necessarily loaded upon program startup. Many Java Virtual Machines (JVMs) load classes only when they need them.

If untrusted code is permitted to load classes, it may possess the ability to load sensitive classes a malicious class. This is a class that shares a fully-qualified name with a benign class that is required by trusted code. If When the trusted code has not already loaded these classes, attempts to subsequently do so may result in untrusted classes being substituted for the sensitive classestries to load its benign class, the JVM provides it with the malicious class instead. As a result, if a program permits untrusted code to load classes, it must first preload any sensitive benign classes it needs. Once properly loaded, these sensitive benign classes cannot be replaced by untrusted code.

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This noncompliant code example shows a vulnerability present in several versions of the Tomcat HTTP web server (fixed in version 6.0.20) that allows untrusted web applications to override the default XML parser used by the system to process web.xml, context.xml, and tag library descriptor (TLD) files of other web applications deployed on the Tomcat instance. Consequently, untrusted web applications that install a parser could view and/or alter these files under certain circumstances.

Wiki MarkupThe noncompliant code example shows the code associated with initialization of a new {{Digester}} instance in the {{org.apache.catalina.startup.ContextConfig}} class. "A {{Digester}} processes an XML input stream by matching a series of element nesting patterns to execute Rules that have been added prior to the start of parsing" \ [[Tomcat 2009|AA. Bibliography#Tomcat 09]\]. The code to initialize the {{Digester}} follows:

protected static Digester webDigester = null;

if (webDigester == null) {
  webDigester = createWebDigester();
}

The createWebDigester() method is responsible for creating the Digester. This method calls createWebXMLDigester(), which invokes the method DigesterFactory.newDigester(). This method creates the new digester instance and sets a boolean flag useContextClassLoader to true.

// This method exists in the class DigesterFactory and is called by 
// ContextConfig.createWebXmlDigester().
// which is in turn called by ContextConfig.createWebDigester()
// webDigester finally contains the value of digester defined
// in this method.
public static Digester newDigester(boolean xmlValidation,
                                   boolean xmlNamespaceAware,
                                   RuleSet rule) {
  Digester digester = new Digester();
  // ...
  digester.setUseContextClassLoader(true);
  // ...
  return digester;
}

The useContextClassLoader flag is used by Digester to decide which ClassLoader to use when loading new classes. When true, it uses the WebappClassLoader, which is untrusted because it loads whatever classes are requested by various web applications.

public ClassLoader getClassLoader() {
  // ...
  if (this.useContextClassLoader) {
    // Uses the context class loader which was previously set
    // to the WebappClassLoader
    ClassLoader classLoader =
        Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader();
  }
  return classloader;
}

The Digester.getParser() method is subsequently called by Tomcat to process web.xml and other files:

// Digester.getParser() calls this method. It is defined in class Digester
public SAXParserFactory getFactory() {
  if (factory == null) {
    factory = SAXParserFactory.newInstance(); // Uses WebappClassLoader
    // ...
  }
  return (factory);
}

The underlying problem is that the newInstance() method is being invoked on behalf of a web application's class loader, the WebappClassLoader, and it loads classes before Tomcat has loaded all the classes it needs. If a web application has loaded its own Trojan javax.xml.parsers.SAXParserFactory, then when Tomcat tries to access a SAXParserFactory, it will access accesses the incorrect Trojan SaxParserFactory used installed by the web app application rather than the standard Java SAXParserFactory that it depends onTomcat depends on.

Note that the Class.newInstance() method requires the class to contain a no-argument constructor. If this requirement is not satisfied, a runtime exception results, which indirectly prevents a security breach.

Compliant Solution (Tomcat)

In this compliant solution, Tomcat initializes the SAXParserFactory when it creates the Digester. This guarantees that the SAXParserFactory is constructed using the container's class loader rather than the WebappClassLoader.

The webDigester is also marked declared final. This prevents any subclasses from assigning a new object reference to webDigester. (See rule OBJ10-J. Do not use public static non-final variablesnonfinal fields for more information.) It also prevents a race condition where another thread could access webDigester before it is fully initialized. (See rule OBJ11-J. Be wary of letting constructors throw exceptions for more information.)

protected static final Digester webDigester = init();

protected Digester init() {
  Digester digester = createWebDigester();
  digester.getParser(); // Does not use the context Classloader at initialization, so safe
  digester.getParser(); 
  return digester;
}

Even if the Tomcat server continues to use the WebappClassLoader to create the parser instance when attempting to process the web.xml and other files, the explicit call to getParser() in init() ensures that the default parser has been set during prior initialization and is impossible to replacecannot be replaced. Because this is a one-time setting, future attempts to change the parser are futile.

Note that the Class.newInstance() method requires the class to contain a no-argument constructor. If this requirement is not satisfied, a runtime exception results, which indirectly prevents a security breach.

Risk Assessment

Allowing untrusted code to load classes enables untrusted code to replace benign classes with malicious Trojan classes.

Automated Detection

Related Guidelines

Android Implementation Details

Bibliography

On Android, the use of DexClassLoader or PathClassLoader requires caution.

Bibliography

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      14. Platform Security (SEC)Image Added