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C programmers commonly make errors regarding the precedence rules of C operators due to because of the unintuitive low-precedence levels of "&", "|", "^", "<<", and ">>". Mistakes regarding precedence rules can be avoided by the suitable use of parentheses. Using parentheses defensively reduces errors and, if not taken to excess, makes the code more readable.

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Subclause 6.5 of the C Standard defines the precedence of operation by the order of the subclauses.

Noncompliant Code Example

The following C expression, intended intent of the expression in this noncompliant code example is to test the least significant bit of x:

x & 1 == 0

However, it Because of operator precedence rules, the expression is parsed as

x & (1 == 0)

which the compiler would probably evaluate at compile time evaluates to

(x & 0)

and then to 0.

Compliant Solution

Adding parentheses to indicate precedence will cause the expression to evaluate as expected.In this compliant solution, parentheses are used to ensure the expression evaluates as expected:

(x & 1) == 0

Exceptions

EXP00-C-EX1: Mathematical expressions that follow algebraic order do not require parentheses. For instance, in the expression

x + y * z

the multiplication is performed before the addition by mathematical convention. Consequently, parentheses to enforce the algebraic order would be redundant:

x + (y * z)

Risk Assessment

Mistakes regarding precedence rules may cause an expression to be evaluated in an unintended way. This , which can lead to unexpected and abnormal program behavior.

Automated Detection

Related Vulnerabilities

Search for Examples of vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this recommendation can be found rule on the CERT website.

References

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Related Guidelines

Bibliography

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Image Added Image Added Image Added Language" \[[Dowd 06|AA. C References#Dowd 06]\] Chapter 6, "C Language Issues" (Precedence, pp. 287-288)