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Wiki MarkupThe parameters of a variadic function are interpreted by the {{The variable parameters of a variadic function—that is, those that correspond with the position of the ellipsis—are interpreted by the va_arg()}} macro. The {{va_arg()}} macro is used to extract the next argument from an initialized argument list within the body of a variadic function implementation. The size of each parameter is determined by the specified {{ type}}. If {{type}} is inconsistent with the corresponding argument, the behavior is undefined and may result in misinterpreted data or an alignment error \[[the type is inconsistent with the corresponding argument, the behavior is undefined and may result in misinterpreted data or an alignment error (see EXP36-C. Do not cast between pointers to objects or types with differing alignments]\].pointers into more strictly aligned pointer types).

The variable arguments to a variadic function are not checked for type by the compiler. As a resultBecause arguments to variadic functions are untyped, the programmer is responsible for ensuring that arguments to variadic functions are of the same type as they are compatible with the corresponding parameter except for the following cases:

• one type is a signed integer type, the other type is the corresponding unsigned integer type, and the value is representable in both types;
• one type is pointer to void and the other is a pointer to a character type.

Non-Compliant Code Example (type interpretation error)

after the default argument promotions:

• Integer arguments of types ranked lower than int are promoted to int if int can hold all the values of that type; otherwise, they are promoted to unsigned int (the integer promotions).
• Arguments of type float are promoted to double.

Noncompliant Code Example (Type Interpretation Error)

The C The C99 printf() function is implemented as a variadic function. This non-compliant noncompliant code example swaps its NULL null-terminated byte string and integer parameters with respect to how they were are specified in the format string. Consequently, the integer is interpreted as a pointer to a NULL null-terminated byte string and dereferenced. This , which will likely cause the program to abnormally terminate. Note that the error_message pointer is likewise interpreted as an integer.

const char *error_msg = "Error occurred";
/* ... */
printf("%s:%d", 15, error_msg);

Compliant Solution (

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Type Interpretation Error)

This compliant solution is formatted modifies the format string so that the specifiers are consistent with their parameters.conversion specifiers correspond to the arguments:

const char *error_msg = "Error occurred";
/* ... */
printf("%d:%s", 15, error_msg);

As shown, care should must be taken to ensure that the arguments passed to a format string function match up with the supplied format string.

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Noncompliant Code Example (

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Type Alignment Error)

In this non-compliant noncompliant code example, a type long long integer is incorrectly parsed by the printf() function with just a %d specifier, possibly resulting . This code may result in data truncation or misrepresentation when the value is pulled extracted from the argument list.

long long a = 1;
const char msg[128] = "Default message";
/* ... */
printf("%d %s", a, msg);

Because a long long was not interpreted, if the architecture is set up in a way that long long uses more bits bytes for storage, the subsequent format specifier %s is unexpectedly offset, causing unknown data to be used instead of the pointer to the message.

Compliant Solution (

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Type Alignment Error)

This compliant solution adds in the length modifier ll to the %d format specifier so that the variadic function parser for printf() pulls extracts the right amount of space off of correct number of bytes from the variable argument list for the long long argument.:

long long a = 1;
const char msg[128] = "Default message";
/* ... */
printf("%lld %s", a, msg);

Noncompliant Code Example (NULL)

The C Standard allows NULL to be either an integer constant or a pointer constant. While passing NULL as an argument to a function with a fixed number of arguments will cause NULL to be cast to the appropriate pointer type, when it is passed as a variadic argument, this will not happen if sizeof(NULL) != sizeof(void *). This is possible for several reasons:

• Pointers and ints may have different sizes on a platform where NULL is an integer constant
• The platform may have different pointer types with different sizes on a platform. In that case, if NULL is a void pointer, it is the same size as a pointer to char (C11 section 6.2.5, paragraph 28), which might be sized differently than the required pointer type.

On either such platform, the following code will have undefined behavior:

char* string = NULL;
printf("%s %d\n", string, 1);

On a system with 32-bit int and 64-bit pointers, printf() may interpret the NULL as high-order bits of the pointer and the third argument 1 as the low-order bits of the pointer. In this case, printf() will print a pointer with the value 0x00000001 and then attempt to read an additional argument for the %d conversion specifier, which was not provided.

Compliant Solution (NULL)

This compliant solution avoids sending NULL to printf():

char* string = NULL;
printf("%s %d\n", (string ? string : "null"), 1);

Risk Assessment

Inconsistent typing in variadic functions can result in abnormal program termination or unintended information disclosure.

Automated Detection

Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule recommendation on the CERT website.

References

Related Guidelines

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Image Added Image Added Image Added Wiki Markup\[[ISO/IEC 9899-1999|AA. C References#ISO/IEC 9899-1999]\] Section 7.15, "Variable arguments"