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Application-independent code includes code that is

• shipped Shipped with the compiler or operating system
• from From a third-party library
• developed Developed in-house

When application-specific code detects an error, it can immediately respond with a specific action, as in

if (something_really_bad_happens) {
  take_me_some_place_safe();
}

This is because This response occurs because the application must both detect errors and provide a mechanism for handling errors. But because applicationApplication-independent code is , by contrast, is not associated with any application, it so it cannot handle errors. However, it must still detect errors and report them to an application so that the application may handle them.

Error detection and reporting can take several forms:

• a A return value (especially of type errno_t)
• an An argument passed by address
• a A global object (e.g., such as errno)
• longjmp()
• some Some combination of the above

Noncompliant Code Example

This noncompliant code example consists of two application-independent functions, f() and g(). The f() function is part of the external API for the module; the g() function is an internal function.

void g(void) {
  /* ... */
  if (something_really_bad_happens) {
    fprintf(stderr, "Something really bad happened!\n");
    abort();
  }
  /* ... */
}

void f(void) {
  g();
  /* ... doDo the rest of f ... */
}

If something_really_bad_happens in g(), the function prints an error message to stderr and then calls abort(). The problem is that this application-independent code does not know the context in which it is being called, so it is erroneous to handle the error.

Wiki Markup\[[Miller 04|AA. C References#Miller 04]\] Practice 23 “Smart Libraries,” Practice 23 [Miller 2004], says:

When a library aborts due to some kind of anomaly, it is saying there is no hope for execution to proceed normally beyond the point where the anomaly is detected. Nonetheless, it is dictatorially making this decision on behalf of the client. Even if the anomaly turns out to be some kind of internal bug in the library, which obviously cannot be resolved in the current execution, aborting is a bad thing to do. The fact is, a library developer cannot possibly know the fault-tolerant context in which his/her library is being used. The client may indeed be able to recover from the situation even if the library cannot.

It is equally bad to eliminate the call to abort() from g(). In this case, there is no indication back to the calling function has no indication that any an error has occurred.

Compliant Solution (Return Value)

One way to indicate errors to inform the calling function of errors is to return a value indicating success or failure. This compliant solution ensures each function returns a value of type errno_t, where 0 indicates that no error has occurred.:

const errno_t ESOMETHINGREALLYBAD = 1;

errno_t g(void) {
  /* ... */
  if (something_really_bad_happens) {
    return ESOMETHINGREALLYBAD;
  }
  /* ... */
  return 0;
}

errno_t f(void) {
  errno_t status = g();
  if (status != 0) {
    return status;
  }

  /* ... doDo the rest of f ... */

  return 0;
}

A call to f() returns a status indicator, which is zero 0 upon success , and a non-zero nonzero value upon failure indicating what went wrong.

A return type of errno_t indicates that the function returns a status indicator (see DCL09-C. Declare functions that return an errno error code with a return type of errno_t).

While this This error-handling approach is secure, but it has the following drawbacks:

• Wiki MarkupSource and object code can significantly increase in size, perhaps by as much as 30 to 40 percent \ [[Saks 07b|AA. C References#Saks 07b]\Saks 2007b].
• All function return values must be checked (see MEM32ERR33-C. Detect and handle memory allocation standard library errors).
• Functions should not return other values if they return error indicators (see ERR02-C. Avoid in-band error indicators).)
• Any function that allocates resources must ensure they are freed in _ cases where errors occur.

...

Instead of encoding status indicators in the return value, each function can take a pointer as an argument, which is used to indicate errors. In the following example, each function uses a an errno_t\ * argument to report errors.:

const errno_t ESOMETHINGREALLYBAD = 1;

void g(errno_t * err) {
  if (err == NULL) {
    /* Handle null pointer */
  }
  /* ... */
  if (something_really_bad_happens) {
    *err = ESOMETHINGREALLYBAD;
  } else {
    /* ... */
    *err = 0;
  }
}

void f(errno_t * err) {
  if (err == NULL) {
    /* Handle null pointer */
  }
  g(err);
  if (*err == 0) {
    /* ... doDo the rest of f ... */
  }
  return 0;
}

A call to f() provides a status indicator that is zero 0 upon success and a non-zero nonzero value upon failure, assuming the user provided a valid pointer to an object of type errno_t.

While this This solution is secure, but it has the following drawbacks:

• A return status can be returned only if the caller provides a valid pointer to an object of type errno_t. If this argument is NULL, there is no way to indicate this error.
• Source code becomes even larger due to the larger because of the possibilities of receiving a null pointer.
• All error indicators must be checked after calling functions.
• Any function that allocates resources must ensure they are freed in cases where errors occur.
• Unlike return values, static analysis tools generally do not diagnose a failure to check error indicators passed as argument pointers.

...

The original errno variable was the Standard standard C library's implementation of error handling using this approach.

errno_t my_errno; /* alsoAlso declared in a .h file */
const errno_t ESOMETHINGREALLYBAD = 1;

void g(void) {
  /* ... */
  if (something_really_bad_happens) {
    my_errno = ESOMETHINGREALLYBAD;
    return;
  }
  /* ... */
}

void f(void) {
  my_errno = 0;
  g();
  if (my_errno != 0) {
    return;
  }
  /* ... doDo the rest of f ... */
}

The call to f() provides a status indicator that is zero 0 upon success and a nonzero value upon failure.

...

• Source code size is inflated, though not by as much as in other approaches.
• All error indicators must be checked after calling functions.
• Nesting of function calls that all use this mechanism is problematic.
• Any function that allocates resources must ensure they are freed in cases where errors occur.
• In general, combining registries of different sets of errors is difficult. For example, changing this compliant solution code to use errno is difficult and bug-prone because the programmer must be precisely aware of when C library functions set and clear errno and also must be aware of all valid errno values before adding new ones.
• There are major limitations on calling Calling f() from other application-independent code has major limitations. Because f() sets my_errno to 0, it may potentially be overwriting a nonzero error value set by another application-independent calling function.

...

C provides two functions, setjmp() and longjmp(), that can be used to alter control flow. This allows a user of these functions to ignore  Using these functions, a user can ignore error values and trust that control flow will be correctly diverted in the event of error.

The following example uses setjmp() and longjmp() to ensure that control flow is disrupted in the event of error, and also ; it also uses the my_errno indicator from the previous example. See MSC22-C. Use the setjmp(), longjmp() facility securely for more information on setjmp() and longjmp().

#include <setjmp.h>

const errno_t ESOMETHINGREALLYBAD = 1;

jmp_buf exception_env;

void g(void) {
  /* ... */
  if (something_really_bad_happens) {
    longjmp(exception_env, ESOMETHINGREALLYBAD);
  }
  /* ... */
}

void f(void) {
  g();
  /* ... doDo the rest of f ... */
}

/* ... */
errno_t err = if (setjmp(exception_env);
if (err != 0) {
  /*
   * ifIf we get here, an error occurred; 
   * do andnot errcontinue indicatesprocessing.
 what went wrong  */
}
/* ... */
f();
/* ifIf we get here, no errors occurred */
/* ... */

Calls to f() will either succeed or divert control into to an if clause designed to catch the error.

...

The following table summarizes the characteristics of error-reporting and error-detection mechanisms.

Risk Assessment

Lack of an error-detection mechanism prevents applications from knowing when an error has disrupted normal program behavior.

Automated Detection

...

Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule on the CERT website.

Other Languages

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Related Guidelines

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References

\[[Miller 04|AA. C References#Miller 04]\]
\[[Saks 07b|AA. C References#Saks 07b]\]

Bibliography

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