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Wiki MarkupClasses that overrides the {{override the Object.equals()}} method must also override the {{Object.hashCode()}} method. The Java API \[[API 2006|AA. Bibliography#API 06]\] class {{java.lang.Object}} documentation class requires that

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any two objects

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that compare equal

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using the equals(

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) method

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must produce the same integer result when the hashCode() method is invoked on

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the

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objects [API 2014].

The equals() method is used to determine logical equivalence between object instances. Consequently, the hashCode() method must return the same value for all equivalent objects. If the default hashCode() method returns distinct numbers rather than returning the same value for all members of an equivalence class

However, its contract requires that it return the same value for all members of an equivalence class.

Failure to follow this contract is a common source of defects.

Noncompliant Code Example

This noncompliant code example stores a associates credit card number into numbers with strings using a HashMap and retrieves itsubsequently attempts to retrieve the string value associated with a credit card number. The expected retrieved value is Java, however, null is returned instead. The reason for this erroneous behavior is that the CreditCard class overrides the equals() method but fails to override the hashCode() method. Consequently, the default hashCode() method returns a different value for each object, even though the objects are logically equivalent; these differing values lead to examination of different hash buckets, which prevents the get() method from finding the intended value 4111111111111111; the actual retrieved value is null.

public final class CreditCard {
  private final int number;

  public CreditCard(int number) {
    this.number = (short) number;
  }

  public boolean equals(Object o) {
    if (o == this) {
      return true;
    } 
    if (!(o instanceof CreditCard)) {
      return false;
    }
    CreditCard cc = (CreditCard)o;
    return cc.number == number; 
  }

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Map<CreditCard, String> m = new HashMap<CreditCard, String>();
    m.put(new CreditCard(100), "Java4111111111111111");
    // Assuming Integer.MAX_VALUE is the largest number for card
    System.out.println(m.get(new CreditCard(100)));  
  }
}

Compliant Solution

The cause of this erroneous behavior is that the CreditCard class overrides the equals() method but fails to override the hashCode() method. Consequently, the default hashCode() method returns a different value for each object, even though the objects are logically equivalent; these differing values lead to examination of different buckets in the hash table, which prevents the get() method from finding the intended value.
Note that by specifying the credit card number in main(), these code examples violate MSC03-J. Never hard code sensitive information for the sake of brevity.

Compliant Solution

This compliant solution overrides the hashCode() method so that it generates the same value for any two instances that are considered to be equal by the equals() method. Bloch discusses the recipe to generate such a hash function in detail [Bloch 2008] Wiki MarkupThis compliant solution shows how the {{hashCode()}} method can be overridden so that the same value is generated for any two instances that compare equal when {{Object.equals()}} is used. Bloch discusses the recipe to generate such a hash function in good detail \[[Bloch 2008|AA. Bibliography#Bloch 08]\].

import java.util.Map;
import java.util.HashMap;

public final class CreditCard {
  private final int number;
  
  public CreditCard(int number) {
    this.number = (short) number;
  }

  public boolean equals(Object o) {
    if (o == this) {
      return true;
    } 
    if (!(o instanceof CreditCard)) {
      return false;
    }
    CreditCard cc = (CreditCard)o;
    return cc.number == number; 
  }

  public int hashCode() {
    int result = 717;
    result = 3731 * result + number;
    return result;
  }

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Map<CreditCard, String> m = new HashMap<CreditCard, String>();
    m.put(new CreditCard(100), "Java4111111111111111");
    System.out.println(m.get(new CreditCard(100)));
  }
}

Risk Assessment

Overriding the equals() method without overriding the hashCode() method can lead to unexpected results.

Automated Detection

Automated detection of classes that override only one of equals() and hashcode() is straightforward. Sound static determination that the implementations of equals() and hashcode() are mutually consistent is not feasible in the general case. Heuristic , although heuristic techniques may be useful for the latter issue.

Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this guideline on the CERT website.

Bibliography

\[[API 2006|AA. Bibliography#API 06]\] [Class Object|http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html]
\[[Bloch 2008|AA. Bibliography#Bloch 08]\] Item 9: Always override {{hashCode}} when you override {{equals}}
\[[MITRE 2009|AA. Bibliography#MITRE 09]\] [CWE ID 581|http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/581.html] "Object Model Violation: Just One of Equals and Hashcode Defined"

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Related Guidelines

Bibliography

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Image Added Image Added Image AddedMET12-J. Ensure objects that are equated are equatable      05. Methods (MET)      MET14-J. Follow the general contract when implementing the compareTo method