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If a file-scope object or a function does not need to be visible outside of the file, it should be hidden by being declared as static. This practice creates more modular code and limits pollution of the global name space.

Section Subclause 6.2.2 of the C Standard [ISO/IEC 9899:2011] states:

If the declaration of a file scope identifier for an object or a function contains the storage-class specifier static, the identifier has internal linkage.

...

enum { MAX = 100 };

int helper(int i) {
  /* performPerform some computation based on i */
}

int main(void) {
  size_t i;
  int out[MAX];

  for (i = 0; i < MAX; i++) {
    out[i] = helper(i);
  }

  /* ... */

}

...

enum {MAX = 100};

static int helper(int i) {
  /* performPerform some computation based on i */
}

int main(void) {
  size_t i;
  int out[MAX];

  for (i = 0; i < MAX; i++) {
    out[i] = helper(i);
  }

  /* ... */

}

...

Allowing too many objects to have external linkage can use up descriptive identifiers, leading to more complicated identifiers, violations of abstraction models, and possible name conflicts with libraries. If the compilation unit implements a data abstraction, it may also expose invocations of private functions from outside the abstraction.

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Bibliography

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