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In C, function arguments are passed by value rather than by reference. While  Although a function may change the values passed in, these changed values are discarded once the function returns. For this reason, many programmers assume a function will not change its arguments , and that declaring the function's parameters as const is unnecessary.

void foo(int x) {
  x = 3; /* persistsVisible only untilin the function exits  */
  /* ... */
}

Pointers behave in a similar fashion. A function may change a pointer to reference a different object, or NULL, yet that change is discarded once the function exits. Consequently, declaring a pointer as const is unnecessary.

void foo(int *x) {
  x = NULL; /* persistsVisible only untilin the function exits  */
  /* ... */
}

Noncompliant Code Example

Unlike passed-by-value arguments and pointers, pointed-to values are a concern. A function may modify a value referenced by a pointer argument, leading to a side effect which that persists even after the function exits. Modification of the pointed-to value is not diagnosed by the compiler, which assumes this behavior was the intended behavior.

void foo(int *x) {
  if (x != NULL) {
    *x = 3; /* visibleVisible outside function */
  }
  /* ... */
}

If the function parameter is const-qualified, any attempt to modify the pointed-to value results in a fatal diagnosticshould cause the compiler to issue a diagnostic message.

void foo(const int *x) {
  if (x != NULL) {
    *x = 3; /* Compiler should generatesgenerate compilerdiagnostic errormessage */
  }
  /* ... */
}

As a result, the const violation must be resolved before the code can be compiled without a diagnostic message being issued.

Compliant Solution

This compliant solution addresses the const violation by not modifying the constant argument.:

void foo(const int * x) {
  if (x != NULL) {
    printf("Value is %d\n", *x);
  }
  /* ... */
}

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char *strcat_nc(char *s1, char *s2);

char *c_str1 = "c_str1";
const char *c_str2 = "c_str2";
char c_str3[9] = "c_str3";
const char c_str4[9] = "c_str4";

strcat_nc(c_str3, c_str2);	  /* Compiler warns that c_str2 is const */
strcat_nc(c_str1, c_str3);  /* Attempts to overwrite string literal! */
strcat_nc(c_str4, c_str3);  /* Compiler warns that c_str4 is const */

The function behaves the same as strcat(), but the compiler generates warnings in incorrect locations and fails to generate them in correct locations.

In the first strcat_nc() call, the compiler generates a warning about attempting to cast away const on c_str2. This is because strcat_nc() does not modify its second argument , yet fails to declare it const.

In the second strcat_nc() call, the compiler compiles the code with no warnings, but the resulting code will attempt to modify the "c_str1" literal. This violates recommendation STR05-C. Use pointers to const when referring to string literals and rule STR30-C. Do not attempt to modify string literals.

In the final strcat_nc() call, the compiler generates a warning about attempting to cast away const on c_str4. This , which is a valid warning.

Compliant Solution

This compliant solution uses the prototype for the strcat() from C90. Although the restrict type qualifier did not exist in C90, const did. In general, function parameters should be declared in a manner consistent with the semantics of the function. In the case of strcat(), the initial argument can be changed by the function while , but the second argument cannot.

char *strcat(char *s1, const char *s2); 

char *c_str1 = "c_str1";
const char *c_str2 = "c_str2";
char c_str3[9] = "c_str3";
const char c_str4[9] = "c_str4";

strcat(c_str3, c_str2); 

/* Args reversed to prevent overwriting string literal */ 
strcat(c_str3, c_str1);  
strcat(c_str4, c_str3);  /* Compiler warns that c_str4 is const */

The const\-qualification of the second argument, s2, eliminates the spurious warning in the initial invocation but maintains the valid warning on the final invocation in which a const-qualified object is passed as the first argument (which can change). Finally, the middle strcat() invocation is now valid , as because c_str3 is a valid destination string and may be safely modified.

Risk Assessment

Not declaring Failing to declare an unchanging value const prohibits the function from working with values already cast as const. This problem can be sidestepped by type casting away the const, but doing so violates recommendation EXP05-C. Do not cast away a const qualification.

Automated Detection

Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule on the CERT website.

Related Guidelines

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ISO/IEC TR 24772 "CSJ Passing parameters and return values"

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