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The following table summarizes the characteristics of error-reporting and error-detection mechanisms.

Method	Code Increase	Manages Allocated Resources	Automatically Enforceable
Return value	Big (30–40%)	No	Yes
Address argument	Bigger	No	No
Global indicator	Medium	No	Yes
`longjmp()`	Small	No	n/a

Risk Assessment

Lack of an error-detection mechanism prevents applications from knowing when an error has disrupted normal program behavior.

Recommendation	Severity	Likelihood	Remediation Cost	Priority	Level
ERR05-C	Medium	Probable	High	P4	L3

Automated Detection

Tool	Version	Checker	Description
Compass/ROSE

		Could detect violations of this rule merely by reporting functions that call `abort()`, `exit()`, or `_Exit()` inside an `if` or `switch` statement. This would also catch many false positives, as ROSE could not distinguish a library function from an application function
Parasoft C/C++test

9.5MISRA2012-RULE-21_8

Include Page

	Parasoft_V
	Parasoft_V

CERT_C-ERR05-a
CERT_C-ERR05-b
CERT_C-ERR05-c

The 'abort()' function from the 'stdlib.h' or 'cstdlib' library shall not be used
The 'exit()' function from the 'stdlib.h' or 'cstdlib' library shall not be used
The 'quick_exit()' and '_Exit()' functions from the 'stdlib.h' or 'cstdlib' library shall not be u

Use of getenv(), abort(), exit() and system()