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The conditional operator ?: uses the boolean value of its first operand to decide which of the other two expressions will be evaluated (see JLS, Section 15. (See §15.25, "Conditional Operator ? :" of the Java Language Specification (JLS) [JLS 2013].)

The general form of a Java conditional expression is operand1 ? operand2 : operand3.

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The conditional operator is syntactically right-associative; for . For example, a?b:c?d:e?f:g is equivalent to a?b:(c?d:(e?f:g)).

The JLS -defined rules for determining the result type of the result of a conditional expression (tabulated belowsee following table) are complicated; programmers could be surprised by the type conversions required for expressions they have written.

Result type determination begins from the top of the table; the compiler applies the first matching rule. The " Operand 2 " and " Operand 3 " columns refer to operand2 and operand3 (from the above previous definition) , respectively. In the table, constant int refers to constant expressions of type int (such as '0' or variables declared final).

For the final table row, S1 and S2 are the types of the second and third operands respectively. T1 is the type that results from applying boxing conversion to S1, and T2 is the type that results from applying boxing conversion to S2. The type of the conditional expression is the result of applying capture conversion to S2. The type of the conditional expression is the result of applying capture conversion to the least upper bound of T1 and T2. See §5.1.7, "Boxing Conversion," §5.1.10, "Capture Conversion," and §15.12.2.7, "Inferring Type Arguments Based on Actual Arguments," of the JLS for additional information [JLS 2013].

Determining the Result Type of a Conditional Expression

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The complexity of the rules that determine the result type of a conditional expression can lead to unintended type conversions. Consequently, the second and third operands of each conditional expression should have identical types. This recommendation also applies to boxed primitives.

Noncompliant Code Example

In this noncompliant code example, the programmer expects that both print statements will print the value of alpha as a char — A. The first print statement indeed prints A, because the compiler applies the eighth rule in the table above to determine that the second and third operands of the conditional expression are, or are converted to, type char. However, the second print statement prints 65 — the value of alpha as an int. The first matching rule from the table above is the tenth rule; consequently, the compiler promotes the value of alpha to type int.:

public class Expr {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    char alpha = 'A';
    int i = 0;
    //* otherOther code. Value of i may change */
    boolean trueExp = ...true; // someSome expression that evaluates to true
    System.out.print(trueExp ? alpha : 0); // prints A
    System.out.print(trueExp ? alpha : i); // prints 65
  }
}

The first print statement prints A because the compiler applies rule 8 from the result type determination table to determine that the second and third operands of the conditional expression are, or are converted to, type char. However, the second print statement prints 65—the value of alpha as an int. The first matching rule from the table is rule 10. Consequently, the compiler promotes the value of alpha to type int.

Compliant Solution

This compliant solution uses identical types for the second and third operands of each conditional expression; the explicit casts specify the type expected by the programmer.:

public class Expr {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    char alpha = 'A';
    int i = 0;
    boolean trueExp = ...true; // some expressionExpression that evaluates to true
    System.out.print(trueExp  ? alpha : ((char) 0)); // printsPrints A
    // Deliberate narrowing cast of i; possible truncation OK
    System.out.print(trueExp ? alpha : ((char) i)); // printsPrints A
  }
}

Note that the explicit cast in the first conditional expression is redundant; that is, the value printed remains identical whether the cast is present or absent. Nevertheless, use of the redundant cast is good practice; it serves as an explicit indication of the programmer's intent, and consequently improves maintainability. When the value of i in the second conditional expression falls outside the range that can be represented as a char, the explicit cast will truncate its value. This usage complies with exception EXP13NUM12-J-EX1EX0 of guideline EXP13NUM12-J. Do not cast Ensure conversions of numeric types to narrower types without a range checkdo not result in lost or misinterpreted data.

Noncompliant Code Example

This noncompliant code example prints 100 as the size of the HashSet rather than the expected result (some value between 0 and 50). The combination of values of types short and int in the second argument of the conditional expression (the operation i-1) causes the result to be an int as specified by the normal integer promotion rules. Consequently, the Short object in the third argument is autounboxed into a short, which is then promoted into an int. The result of the conditional expression is then autoboxed into an object of type Integer. Because the HashSet contains only values of type Short, the call to HashSet.remove() has no effect.:

public class ShortSet {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    HashSet<Short> s = new HashSet<Short>();
      for (short i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
        s.add(i);
        // Cast of i-1 is safe, because value is always representable
        Short workingVal = (short) (i-1);
       // ... //Other other code may update workingVal

        s.remove(((i &% 12) == 01) ? i-1 : workingVal);
      }
    System.out.println(s.size());
  }
}

The combination of values of types short and int in the second argument of the conditional expression (the operation i-1) causes the result to be an int, as specified by the integer promotion rules. Consequently, the Short object in the third argument is unboxed into a short, which is then promoted into an int. The result of the conditional expression is then autoboxed into an object of type Integer. Because the HashSet contains only values of type Short, the call to HashSet.remove() has no effect.

Compliant Solution

This compliant solution casts the second operant operand to type short, then explicitly invokes the Short.valueOf() method to create a Short instance whose value is i-1. Consequently, the second and third operands of the conditional expression both have type Short, and the remove() call has the expected effect.:

public class ShortSet {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    HashSet<Short> s = new HashSet<Short>();
      for (short i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
        s.add(i);
        // Cast of i-1 is safe, because the resulting value is always representable
        Short workingVal = (short) (i-1);
      //  ... //Other other code may update workingVal

        // Cast of i-1 is safe, because the resulting value is always representable
        s.remove(((i &% 12) == 01) ? Short.valueOf((short) (i-1)) : workingVal);
      }
    System.out.println(s.size());
  }
}

As a result of the cast, the second and third operands of the conditional expression both have type Short, and the remove() call has the expected result.

Writing the conditional expression as ((i & 1% 2) == 01) ? (short) (i-1)) : workingVal also complies with this guideline , because both the second and third operands in this form have type short. However, this alternative is less efficient , because it forces both autounboxing unboxing of workingVal on each even iteration of the loop and also autoboxing of the result of the conditional expression (from short to Short) on every iteration of the loop.

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Applicability

When the second and third operands of a conditional expression have different types, they can be subject to unexpected type conversions that were not anticipated by the programmer.

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Guideline

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Severity

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Likelihood

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Remediation Cost

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Priority

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Level

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EXP14-J

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low

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unlikely

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medium

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L3

Automated

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Automated detection of condition expressions whose second and third operands are of different types is straightforward.

Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this guideline on the CERT website.

Bibliography

\[[Bloch 2005|AA. Bibliography#Bloch 05]\] Puzzle 8: Dos Equis
\[[Findbugs 2008|AA. Bibliography#Findbugs 08]\] "Bx: Primitive value is unboxed and coerced for ternary operator"
\[[JLS 2005|AA. Bibliography#JLS 05]\] [Section 15.25|http://java.sun.com/docs/books/jls/third_edition/html/expressions.html#15.25], "Conditional Operator {{? :}}"

Automated Detection

Bibliography

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