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The final keyword can be used to specify constant values (that is, values that cannot change during program execution). However, constants that can change over the lifetime of a program should not be declared public final. The Java Language Specification (JLS) [JLS 2013] allows implementations to insert the values value of any public final fields field inline in any compilation unit that reads the field. Consequently, if the declaring class is edited so that the new version gives a different value for the field, compilation units that read the public final field could still see the old value until they are re-compiledrecompiled. This problem may occur, for example, when a third-party library is updated to the latest version but the referencing code is not recompiled.

A related error can arise when a programmer declares a static final reference to a mutable object ; (see guideline OBJ01OBJ50-J. Do not assume that a final reference makes Never confuse the immutability of a reference with that of the referenced object immutable for additional information).

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Noncompliant Code Example

In this noncompliant code example, class Foo in Foo.java declares a field whose value represents the version of the software. The field is subsequently accessed by class Bar from a separate compilation unit.Foo.java:

class Foo {
  public static public final int VERSION = 1;
  // ...
}

The field is subsequently accessed by class Bar from a separate compilation unit (Bar.java):

class Bar {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    System.out.println("You are using version " + Foo.VERSION);
  }
}

When compiled and run, the software correctly prints

    You are using version 1

However, But if a developer changes were to change the value of VERSION to 2 by modifying Foo.java and recompiles subsequently recompile Foo.java, but fails while failing to recompile Bar.java, the software would incorrectly prints:print

    You are using version 1

Although recompiling Bar.java solves this problem, a better solution is available.

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Compliant Solution

Wiki MarkupAccording to \[[JLS 2005|AA. Bibliography#JLS 05]\], §13.to §13.4.9, "{{final}} Fields and Constants," of the Java Language Specification the JLS [JLS 20052013],

Other than for true mathematical constants, we recommend that source code make very sparing use of class variables that are declared static and final. If the read-only nature of final is required, a better choice is to declare a private static variable and a suitable accessor method to get its value.

Consequently, a In this compliant solution is:, the version field in Foo.java is declared private static and accessed by the getVersion() method:

class Foo {
  static private finalstatic int version = 1;
  public static public final Stringint getVersion() {
    return version;
  }

  // ...
}

The Bar class in Bar.java is modified to invoke the getVersion() accessor method to retrieve the version field from Foo.java:

class Bar {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    System.out.println(
      "You are using version " + Foo.getVersion());
  }
}

As a resultIn this solution, the private version value cannot be copied into the Bar class when it is compiled, consequently preventing the bug. Note that this transformation imposes little or no performance penalty because most just-in-time (JIT) code generators are capable of inlining can inline the getVersion() method at runtime; consequently there is little or no performance penalty incurred.

5.3 Exceptions

*DCL04-EX0*: According to \[[JLS 2005|AA. Bibliography#JLS 05]\], §9.3 "Field (Constant) Declarations" of the Java Language Specification [JLS 2005], "Every field declaration in the body of an interface is implicitly {{public}}, {{static}}, and {{final}}. It is permitted to redundantly specify any or all of these modifiers for such fields."

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Applicability

Declaring a value that changes over the lifetime of the software as final may lead to unexpected results.

According to §9.3, "Field (Constant) Declarations," of the JLS [JLS 2013], "Every field declaration in the body of an interface is implicitly public, static, and final. It is permitted to redundantly specify any or all of these modifiers for such fields." Therefore, this guideline does not apply to fields defined in interfaces. Clearly, if the value of a field in an interface changes, every class that implements or uses the interface must be recompiled (see MSC53-J. Carefully design interfaces before releasing them for more information).

DCL04-EX1: Constants declared using the enum type are permitted to violate this guideline.

DCL04-EX2: Constants whose value never changes throughout the entire lifetime of the software may be declared as final. For instance, the Java Language Specification JLS recommends that mathematical constants be declared final.

5.4 Risk Assessment

Failing to declare mathematical constants static and final can lead to thread safety issues, as well as to inconsistent behavior.

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Guideline

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Severity

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Likelihood

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Remediation Cost

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Level

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DCL04-J

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low

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probable

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medium

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P2

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L3

5.5 Automated Detection

Static checking of this guideline is not feasible in the general case.

5.6 Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this guideline on the CERT website.

Related Guidelines

C Secure Coding Standard: DCL00-C. Const-qualify immutable objects

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Bibliography

\[[JLS 2005|AA. Bibliography#JLS 05]\] [§13.4.9|http://java.sun.com/docs/books/jls/third_edition/html/binaryComp.html#13.4.9] "final Fields and Constants", [§9.3|http://java.sun.com/docs/books/jls/third_edition/html/interfaces.html#9.3] "Field (Constant) Declarations", [§4.12.4|http://java.sun.com/docs/books/jls/third_edition/html/typesValues.html#4.12.4] "final Variables", [§8.3.1.1|http://java.sun.com/docs/books/jls/third_edition/html/classes.html#8.3.1.1] static Fields"

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Image Added Image Added Image Added4 DCL03-J. Properly encode relationships in constant definitions      01. Declarations and Initialization (DCL)      DCL05-J. Declare all enhanced for statement loop variables to be final