Page History

The enhanced for statement is designed for iteration through Collections and arrays. 

The The Java Language Specification (JLS) provides the following example of the enhanced for statement in §14.14.2, "The Enhanced for Statement" [JLS 2014]:

The enhanced for statement is equivalent to a basic for statement of the form:

Code Block
for (I #i = Expression.iterator(); #i.hasNext(); ) { {VariableModifier} TargetType Identifier = (TargetType) #i.next(); Statement }

#i is an automatically generated identifier that is distinct from any other identifiers (automatically generated or otherwise) that are in scope...at the point where the enhanced for statement occurs.

Unlike the basic for statement, assignments to the loop variable fail to affect the loop's iteration order over the underlying set of objects. Consequently, an assignment to the loop variable is equivalent to modifying a variable local to the loop body whose initial value is the object referenced by the loop iterator. This modification is not necessarily erroneous , but can obscure the loop functionality or indicate a misunderstanding of the underlying implementation of the enhanced for statement.

Declare all enhanced for statement loop variables final. The final declaration causes Java compilers to flag and reject any assignments made to the loop variable.

Noncompliant Code Example

This noncompliant code example attempts to process a collection of objects integers using an enhanced for loop. It further intends to skip processing modify one item in the collection .for processing:

List<Integer> list = Arrays.asList(new Integer[] {13, 14, 15});
boolean first = true;

System.out.println("Processing list...");
for (Integer i: listCollection<ProcessObj> processThese = // ... 

for (ProcessObj processMe: processThese) {
  if (someConditionfirst) {
 // found the itemfirst to= skipfalse;
    someConditioni = false new Integer(99);
  }
  processMe = processMe.getNext(); System.out.println(" New item: " + i);
  // attempt to skip to next item
  }
  processMe.doTheProcessing(); // process the object
}

The attempt to skip to the next item appears to succeed because the assignment is successful and the value of processMe is updated. Unlike a basic for loop, however, the assignment leaves the overall iteration order of the loop unchanged. Consequently, the object following the skipped object is processed twice.

...

Process i
}

System.out.println("Modified list?");
for (Integer i: list) {
  System.out.println("List item: " + i);
}

However, this code does not actually modify the list, as shown by the program's output:

Processing list...
New item: 99
New item: 14
New item: 15
Modified list?
List item: 13
List item: 14
List item: 15

Compliant Solution

Declaring i to be final mitigates this problem by causing the compiler to fail to permit i to be assigned a new value:

// ...
for (final Integer i: list) {

// ...

Compliant Solution

This compliant solution correctly processes each object in the collection no more than once.processes the "modified" list but leaves the actual list unchanged:

Collection<ProcessObj> processThese = // ... 
 
for (final ProcessObjInteger processMei: processTheselist) {
  ifInteger (someCondition)item { // found the item to skip= i;
  if (first) {
    someConditionfirst = false;
    continue;item //= skip by continuing to next iterationnew Integer(99);
  }
  processMeSystem.out.doTheProcessing(println(" New item: " + item);
  // processProcess the objectitem
}

// ...

Risk Assessment

Assignments to the loop variable of an enhanced for loop (for-each idiom) fail to affect the overall iteration order, lead to programmer confusion, and can leave data in a fragile or inconsistent state.

Automated Detection

...

Tool	Version	Checker	Description
Parasoft Jtest	Include Page Parasoft_V Parasoft_V	CERT.DCL02.ITMOD	Do not modify collection while iterating over it

Bibliography

...

Image Removed      01. Declarations and Initialization (DCL)      02. Expressions (EXP)Image Added Image Added Image Added