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Comment: Parasoft Jtest 2021.1

The enhanced for statement is designed for iteration through Collections and arrays

The The Java Language Specification (JLS) provides the following example of the enhanced for statement in §14.14.2, "The Enhanced for Statement" [JLS 2014]:

The enhanced for statement is equivalent to a basic for statement of the form:

Code Block
for (I #i = Expression.iterator(); #i.hasNext(); ) {
    {VariableModifier} TargetType Identifier =
        (TargetType) #i.next();
    Statement
}

#i is an automatically generated identifier that is distinct from any other identifiers (automatically generated or otherwise) that are in scope...at the point where the enhanced for statement occurs.

Unlike the basic for statement, assignments to the loop variable fail to affect the loop's iteration order over the underlying set of objects. Consequently, an assignment to the loop variable is equivalent to modifying a variable local to the loop body whose initial value is the object referenced by the loop iterator. This modification is not necessarily erroneous , but can obscure the loop functionality or indicate a misunderstanding of the underlying implementation of the enhanced for statement.

Declare all enhanced for statement loop variables final. The final declaration causes Java compilers to flag and reject any assignments made to the loop variable.

Noncompliant Code Example

This noncompliant code example attempts to process a collection of integers using an enhanced for loop. It further intends to modify one item in the collection for processing:

Code Block
bgColor#ffcccc
langjava
List<Integer> list = Arrays.asList(new Integer[] {13, 14, 15});
boolean first = true;

System.out.println("Processing list...");
for (Integer i: list) {
  if (first) {
    first = false;
    i = new Integer(99);
  }
  System.out.println(" New item: " + i);
  // processProcess i
}

System.out.println("Modified list?");
for (Integer i: list) {
  System.out.println("List item: " + i);
}

However, this code does not actually modify the list, as shown by the program's output:

Processing list...
New item: 99
New item: 14
New item: 15
Modified list?
List item: 13
List item: 14
List item: 15

...

Compliant Solution

Declaring i to be final mitigates this code example, problem by causing the compiler to fail to permit i to be assigned a new value.:

Code Block
bgColor#ffcccc
langjava
// ...
for (final Integer i: list) {

// ...

Compliant Solution

This compliant solution processes the '"modified' " list , but leaves the actual list unchanged.:

Code Block
bgColor#ccccff
langjava
// ...
 
for (final Integer i: list) {
  Integer item = i;
  if (first) {
    first = false;
    item = new Integer(99);
  }
  System.out.println(" New item: " + item);
  // processProcess item
}

 
// ...

Risk Assessment

Assignments to the loop variable of an enhanced for loop (for-each idiom) fail to affect the overall iteration order, lead to programmer confusion, and can leave data in a fragile or inconsistent state.

Rule

Severity

Likelihood

Remediation Cost

Priority

Level

DCL02-J

low

Low

unlikely

Unlikely

low

Low

P3

L3

Automated Detection

...

ToolVersionCheckerDescription
Parasoft Jtest
Include Page
Parasoft_V
Parasoft_V
CERT.DCL02.ITMODDo not modify collection while iterating over it

Bibliography

 


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