Page History

Bitwise shifts include left-shift operations of the form shift-expression << additive-expression and right-shift operations of the form shift-expression >> additive-expression. The standard integer promotions are first performed on the operands, each of which has an integer type. The type of the result is that of the promoted left operand. If the value of the right operand is negative or is greater than or equal to the width of the promoted left operand, the behavior is undefined. (See also undefined behavior 51 in Annex J of the C Standard. undefined behavior 48.)

Do not shift an expression by a negative number of bits or by a number greater than or equal to the precision of the promoted left operand. The precision of an integer type is the number of bits it uses to represent values, excluding any sign and padding bits. For unsigned integer types, the width and the precision are the same; whereas for signed integer types, the width is one greater than the precision. This rule uses precision instead of width because, in In almost every case, an attempt to shift by a negative number of bits or by more bits than exist in greater than or equal to the precision of the operand indicates a bug (logic error). This A logic error is different from overflow, where in which there is simply a representational deficiency.  In general, shifts should be performed only on unsigned operands. (See INT32INT13-C. Ensure that operations on signed integers do not result in overflowUse bitwise operators only on unsigned operands.)

Noncompliant Code Example (Left Shift,

...

Unsigned Type)

The result of E1 << E2 is E1 left-shifted E2 bit positions; vacated bits are filled with zeros. If E1 has a signed type and nonnegative value and . The following diagram illustrates the left-shift operation.

Image Added

According to the C Standard, if E1 has an unsigned type, the value of the result is E1 * 2E2 is , reduced modulo 1 more than the maximum value representable in the result type, then that is the resulting value; otherwise, the behavior is undefined.

Image Removed

. 

This noncompliant code example can result in undefined behavior because there is no check to ensure that left and right operands have nonnegative values and fails to ensure that the right operand is less than the precision of the promoted left operand:

void func(unsigned int ui_a, unsigned int ui_b) {
  unsigned int uresult = ui_a << ui_b;
  /* ... */
}

Compliant Solution (Left Shift, Unsigned Type)

This compliant solution eliminates the possibility of shifting by greater than or equal to the width the number of bits that exist in the precision of the promoted left operand:

int si1;
int si2;
int sresult;

/* Initialize si1 and si2 */

sresult = si1 << si2;

#include <limits.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <inttypes.h>

extern size_t popcount(uintmax_t);
#define PRECISION(x) popcount(x)
 
void func(unsigned int ui_a, unsigned int ui_b) {
  unsigned int uresult = 0;
  if (ui_b >= PRECISION(UINT_MAX)) {
    /* Handle error */
  } else {
    uresult = ui_a << ui_b;
  }
  /* ... */
}

The PRECISION() macro and popcount() function provide the correct precision for any integer type. (See INT35-C. Use correct integer precisions.)

Modulo behavior resulting from left-shifting an unsigned integer type is permitted by exception INT30-EX3 to INT30-C. Ensure that unsigned integer operations do not wrapShift operators and other bitwise operators should be used only with unsigned integer operands in accordance with INT13-C. Use bitwise operators only on unsigned operands.

Noncompliant Code Example (Left Shift,

...

Signed Type)

The result of E1 << E2 is E1 left-shifted E2 bit positions; vacated bits are filled with zeros. According to the C Standard, if If E1 has an unsigned type, the value of the result is a signed type and nonnegative value, and E1 * 2E2, reduced modulo one more than the maximum value is representable in the result type, then that is the resulting value; otherwise, the behavior is undefined.

This noncompliant code example can result in undefined behavior because there is no check fails to ensure that left and right operands have nonnegative values and that the right operand is less than or equal to the width precision of the promoted left operand:. This example does check for signed integer overflow in compliance with INT32-C. Ensure that operations on signed integers do not result in overflow.

unsigned int ui1;
unsigned int ui2;
unsigned int uresult;

/* Initialize ui1 and ui2 */

uresult = ui1 << ui2;

Compliant Solution (Left Shift, Unsigned Type)

#include <limits.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <inttypes.h>

void func(signed long si_a, signed long si_b) {
  signed long result;
  if (si_a > (LONG_MAX >> si_b)) {
    /* Handle error */
  } else {
    result = si_a << si_b;
  }
  /* ... */
}

Shift operators and other bitwise operators should be used only with unsigned integer operands in accordance with INT13-C. Use bitwise operators only on unsigned operands.

Compliant Solution (Left Shift, Signed Type)

In addition to the check for overflow, this compliant solution ensures that both the left and right operands have nonnegative values and that the right operand is less than the precision of the promoted left operandThis compliant solution eliminates the possibility of undefined behavior resulting from a left-shift operation on unsigned integers:

unsigned int ui1;
unsigned int ui2;
unsigned int uresult;

/* Initialize ui1 and ui2 */

if (ui2 >= sizeof(unsigned int)*CHAR_BIT#include <limits.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <inttypes.h>
 
extern size_t popcount(uintmax_t);
#define PRECISION(x) popcount(x)
 
void func(signed long si_a, signed long si_b) {
  signed long result;
  if ((si_a < 0) || (si_b < 0) ||
      (si_b >= PRECISION(ULONG_MAX)) ||
      (si_a > (LONG_MAX >> si_b))) {
    /* Handle error condition */
  } else {
  uresult  result = ui1si_a << ui2si_b;
}

...

  }
  /* ... */
}

Noncompliant Code Example (Right Shift)

The result of E1 >> E2 is E1 right-shifted E2 bit positions. If E1 has an unsigned type or if E1 has a signed type and a nonnegative value, the value of the result is the integral part of the quotient of E1 / 2E2. If E1 has a signed type and a negative value, the resulting value is implementation-defined and can be either an arithmetic (signed) shift:

or a logical (unsigned) shift:

This noncompliant code example fails to test whether the right operand is greater than or equal to the width precision of the promoted left operand, allowing undefined behavior:

void func(unsigned int ui1;
ui_a, unsigned int ui2;
 ui_b) {
  unsigned int uresult;

/* Initialize= ui1ui_a and ui2 */

uresult = ui1 >> ui2;
>> ui_b;
  /* ... */
}

When working with signed operands, making Making assumptions about whether a right shift is implemented as an arithmetic (signed) shift or a logical (unsigned) shift can also lead to vulnerabilities. (See INT13-C. Use bitwise operators only on unsigned operands.)

Compliant Solution (Right Shift)

This compliant solution tests the suspect shift operations to guarantee there is no possibility of undefined behavioreliminates the possibility of shifting by greater than or equal to the number of bits that exist in the precision of the left operand:

unsigned int ui1;
unsigned int ui2;
unsigned int uresult;

/* Initialize ui1 and ui2 */

if (ui2 >= sizeof(unsigned int) * CHAR_BIT#include <limits.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <inttypes.h>

extern size_t popcount(uintmax_t);
#define PRECISION(x) popcount(x)
 
void func(unsigned int ui_a, unsigned int ui_b) {
  unsigned int uresult = 0;
  if (ui_b >= PRECISION(UINT_MAX)) {
    /* Handle error condition */
  }
 else {
    uresult = ui1ui_a >> ui2ui_b;
  }
  /* ... */
}

Implementation Details

GCC has no options to handle shifts by negative amounts or by amounts outside the width of the type predictably or to trap on them; they are always treated as undefined. Processors may reduce the shift amount modulo the width of the type. For example, 32-bit right shifts are implemented using the following instructions instruction on IAx86-32:

sa[rl]lsarl   %cl, %eax

The sa[rl]l instructions take sarl instruction takes a bit mask of the least significant 5 bits from %cl to produce a value in the range [0, 31] and then shift %eax that many bits:

// 64-bit bitright shifts on IA-32 platforms become
sh[rl]dlshrdl  %eax%edx, %edx
sa[rl]l%eax
sarl   %cl, %eax%edx

where %eax stores the least significant bits in the doubleword to be shifted, and %edx stores the most significant bits.

Risk Assessment

Although shifting a negative number of bits or more shifting a number of bits than exist in the greater than or equal to the width of the promoted left operand is undefined behavior in C, the risk is generally low because processors frequently reduce the shift amount modulo the width of the type.

Automated Detection

Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule on the CERT website.

Related Guidelines

...

Key here (explains table format and definitions)

Taxonomy	Taxonomy item	Relationship
CERT C	INT13-C. Use bitwise operators only on unsigned operands	Prior to 2018-01-12: CERT: Unspecified Relationship
CERT C	INT35-C. Use correct integer precisions	Prior to 2018-01-12: CERT: Unspecified Relationship
CERT C	INT32-C. Ensure that operations on signed integers do not result in overflow	Prior to 2018-01-12: CERT: Unspecified Relationship

CERT C++ Secure Coding StandardINT34-CPP. Do not shift a negative number of bits or more bits than exist in the operand

ISO/IEC TR 24772:2013	Arithmetic Wrap-

around

Around Error [FIF]

Bibliography

CERT-CWE Mapping Notes

Key here for mapping notes

CWE-758 and INT34-C

Independent( INT34-C, INT36-C, MEM30-C, MSC37-C, FLP32-C, EXP33-C, EXP30-C, ERR34-C, ARR32-C)

CWE-758 = Union( INT34-C, list) where list =

• Undefined behavior that results from anything other than incorrect bit shifting

CWE-682 and INT34-C

Independent( INT34-C, FLP32-C, INT33-C) CWE-682 = Union( INT34-C, list) where list =

• Incorrect calculations that do not involve out-of-range bit shifts

Bibliography

...

A test program for this rule is available at www.securecoding.cert.org.

...

Image Modified Image Modified Image Modified