Bit-fields can be used to allow flags or other integer values with small ranges to be packed together to save storage space.
For bit-fields, it is implementation-defined whether the specifier int designates the same type as signed int or the same type as unsigned int. Also, C99 requires that "If an int can represent all values of the original type, the value is converted to an int; otherwise, it is converted to an unsigned int."
In the following example:
struct {
unsigned int a: 8;
} bits = {255};
int main(void) {
printf(LANG ", unsigned 8-bit field promotes to %s.\n",
(bits.a << 24) < 0 ? "signed" : "unsigned");
}
The type of the expression (bits.a << 24) is compiler dependent and may be either signed or unsigned depending on the compiler's interpretation of the standard.
The first interpretation is that when this value is used as an rvalue (e.g., lvalue = rvalue), the type is "unsigned int" as declared. An unsigned int cannot be represented as an int, so integer promotions require that this be an unsigned int, and hence "unsigned".
The second interpretation is that this is an 8-bit integer. As a result, this eight bit value can be represented as an int, so integer promotions require that it be converted to int, and hence "signed".
This also has implications for signed long long and unsigned long long types. For example, gcc will also interpret the following as an eight bit value and promote it to int:
struct {
unsigned long long a:8;
} ull = {255};
References
- ISO/IEC 9899-1999 Section 6.7.2 Type specifiers
- MISRA 04 Rule 3.5