EXP01-J. Never dereference null pointers

Null pointer dereferencing occurs when a null variable is treated as if it were a valid object reference and used without checking its state. This condition results in a NullPointerException, and can also result in denial of service. Consequently, null pointers must never be dereferenced.

Noncompliant Code Example

This noncompliant example shows a bug in Tomcat version 4.1.24, initially discovered by Reasoning [[Reasoning 2003]]. The cardinality method was designed to return the number of occurrences of object obj in collection col. One valid use of the cardinality method is to determine how many objects in the collection are null. However, because membership in the collection is checked using the expression obj.equals(elt), a null pointer dereference is guaranteed whenever obj is null and elt is not null.

public static int cardinality(Object obj, final Collection col) {
  int count = 0;
  if (col == null) {
    return count;
  }
  Iterator it = col.iterator();
  while (it.hasNext()) {
    Object elt = it.next();
    if ((null == obj && null == elt) || obj.equals(elt)) {  // null pointer dereference
      count++;
    }
  }
  return count;
}

Compliant Solution

This compliant solution eliminates the null pointer dereference.

public static int cardinality(Object obj, final Collection col) {
  int count = 0;
  if (col == null) {
    return count;
  }
  Iterator it = col.iterator();
  while (it.hasNext()) {
    Object elt = it.next();
    if ((null == obj && null == elt) || 
        (null != obj && obj.equals(elt))) {
      count++;
    }
  }
  return count;
}

Explicit null checks as shown here an acceptable approach to eliminating null pointer dereferences.

Exceptions

EXP01-EX0: A method may dereference an object parameter without testing it for null if the method documents that it throws a NullPointerException.

Risk Assessment

Dereferencing a null pointer can lead to a denial of service. In multithreaded programs, null pointer dereferences can violate cache coherency policies and can cause resource leaks.

Automated Detection

Null pointer dereferences can happen in path-dependent ways. Limitations of automatic detection tools can require manual inspection of code [[Hovemeyer 2007]] to detect instances of null pointer dereferences. Annotations for method parameters that must be non-null can reduce the need for manual inspection by assisting automated null pointer dereference detection; use of these annotations is strongly encouraged.

Related Vulnerabilities

Java Web Start applications and applets particular to JDK version 1.6, prior to update 4, were affected by a bug that had some noteworthy security consequences. In some isolated cases, the application or applet's attempt to establish an HTTPS connection with a server generated a NullPointerException [[SDN 2008]]. The resulting failure to establish a secure HTTPS connection with the server caused a denial of service. Clients were temporarily forced to use an insecure HTTP channel for data exchange.

Related Guidelines

Bibliography

      02. Expressions (EXP)      EXP02-J. Use the two-argument Arrays.equals() method to compare the contents of arrays