Do not reuse the names of publicly visible identifiers, public utility classes, interfaces, or packages in the Java Standard Library.
When a developer uses an identifier that has the same name as a public class, such as Vector
, a subsequent maintainer might be unaware that this identifier does not actually refer to java.util.Vector
and might unintentionally use the custom Vector
rather than the original java.util.Vector
class. The custom type Vector
can [shadow] a class name from java.util.Vector
, as specified by the JLS, §6.3.2, "Obscured Declarations" [[JLS 2005]]. This can result in unexpected program behavior.
Well-defined import statements can resolve these issues. However, when reused name definitions are imported from other packages, use of the type-import-on-demand declaration (see the JLS, §7.5.2, "Type-Import-on-Demand Declaration" [[JLS 2005]]) can complicate a programmer's attempt to determine which specific definition was intended to be used. Additionally, a common practice that can lead to errors is to produce the import statements after writing the code, often via automatic inclusion of import statements by an IDE. This creates further ambiguity with respect to the names. When a custom type is found earlier than the intended type in the Java include path, no further searches are conducted. Consequently, the wrong type is silently adopted.
Noncompliant Code Example (Class Name)
This noncompliant code example implements a class that reuses the name of the class java.util.Vector
. It attempts to introduce a different condition for the isEmpty()
method for interfacing with native legacy code by overriding the corresponding method in java.util.Vector
. Unexpected behavior can arise if a maintainer confuses the isEmpty()
method with the java.util.Vector.isEmpty()
method.
class Vector { private int val = 1; public boolean isEmpty() { if (val == 1) { // compares with 1 instead of 0 return true; } else { return false; } } // other functionality is same as java.util.Vector } // import java.util.Vector; omitted public class VectorUser { public static void main(String[] args) { Vector v = new Vector(); if (v.isEmpty()) { System.out.println("Vector is empty"); } } }
Compliant Solution (Class Name)
This compliant solution uses a different name for the class, preventing any potential shadowing of the class from the Java Standard Library.
class MyVector { //other code }
When the developer and organization control the original shadowed class, it may be preferable to change the design strategy of the original in accordance with Bloch's Effective Java [[Bloch 2008]], Item 16, Prefer interfaces to abstract classes. Changing the original class into an interface would permit class MyVector
to declare that it implements the hypothetical Vector
interface. This would permit client code that intended to use MyVector
to remain compatible with code that uses the original implementation of Vector
.
Risk Assessment
Public identifier reuse decreases the readability and maintainability of code.
Rule |
Severity |
Likelihood |
Remediation Cost |
Priority |
Level |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
DCL01-J |
low |
unlikely |
medium |
P2 |
L3 |
Automated Detection
An automated tool can easily detect reuse of the set of names representing public classes or interfaces from the Java Standard Library.
Related Guidelines
Bibliography
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[[JLS 2005 |
AA. Bibliography#JLS 05]] |
[§6.3.2, Obscured Declarations |
http://java.sun.com/docs/books/jls/third_edition/html/names.html#6.3.2] |
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[[FindBugs 2008 |
AA. Bibliography#FindBugs 08]] |
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[[Bloch 2005 |
AA. Bibliography#Bloch 05]] |
Puzzle 67. All strung out |
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[[Bloch 2008 |
AA. Bibliography#Bloch 08]] |
Item 16. Prefer interfaces to abstract classes |
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01. Declarations and Initialization (DCL) DCL02-J. Declare all enhanced for statement loop variables final