XXXNN-J. Ensure atomicity when reading and writing 64-bit values

The Java Language Specification allows 64 bit long and double values to be treated as two 32 bit values. For example, a 64-bit write operation may be performed as two separate 32-bit operations.

According to the Java Language Specification [[JLS 05]], section 17.7 "Non-atomic Treatment of double and long":

... this behavior is implementation specific; Java virtual machines are free to perform writes to long and double values atomically or in two parts. For the purposes of the Java programming language memory model, a single write to a non-volatile long or double value is treated as two separate writes: one to each 32-bit half. This can result in a situation where a thread sees the first 32 bits of a 64 bit value from one write, and the second 32 bits from another write.

This behavior can be result in reading indeterminate values in code that is required to be thread-safe.

Noncompliant Code Example

The Java programming language allows threads to access shared variables. If, in this noncompliant code example, one thread repeatedly calls the method one(), and another thread repeatedly calls the method two():

class Test {
  static long i = 0;
  static void one(long j) { i = j; }
  static void two() {
    System.out.println("i =" + i);
  }
}

then method two() could occasionally print a value for i that is neither zero nor a previous value of j two(). A similar problem occurs if i is declared as a double.

Compliant Solution (volatile)

This compliant solution declares i as volatile. Writes and reads of volatile long and double values are always atomic.

class Test {
  static volatile long i = 0;
  static void one(long j) { i = j; }
  static void two() {
    System.out.println("i =" + i);
  }
}

Compliant Solution (atomic variable classes)

This compliant solution uses atomic variable classes from the java.util.concurrent.atomic package. These classes provide lock-free thread-safe programming on single variables.

class Test {
  static AtomicLong i = 0;
  static void one(long j) { i = j; }
  static void two() {
    System.out.println("i =" + i);
  }
}

It is also possible to hold doubles using the Double.doubleToLongBits and Double.longBitsToDouble conversions.

Risk Assessment

Failure to ensure the atomicity of operations involving 64-bit values in multithreaded applications can result in reading and writing indeterminate values.

Automated Detection

TODO

Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule on the CERT website.

References

[[JLS 05]] 17.7 Non-atomic Treatment of double and long
[[Goetz 06]] 3.1.2. Nonatomic 64-bit Operations

[[Goetz 04]] Brian Goetz. Java theory and practice: Going atomic. November 2004. http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/java/library/j-jtp11234/

CON06-J. Ensure atomicity of thread-safe code      11. Concurrency (CON)      CON02-J. Do not use background threads during class initialization