The char type is the only unsigned primitive type in Java. As a result, a signed value cannot be stored and retrieved successfully from a variable of type char.
In particular, comparing a value of type char with -1 will never yield true. However, because the method read() returns -1 to indicate EOF, it is tempting to compare the character returned by read() with -1. This is a common error [[Pugh 08]].
Noncompliant Code Example
In this noncompliant code, the value of type int returned by the read() method is cast directly to a value of type char which is compared with -1 to try to detect EOF. This conversion leaves the value of c as 0xffff (Character.MAX_VALUE) instead of -1. Hence, this test never evaluates to true.
char c;
while ((c=(char)in.read())!= -1) { ... }
Compliant Solution
Always use a signed type of sufficient size to store signed data. To be compliant, use a value of type int to check for EOF while reading in data. If the value of type int returned by read() is not -1, then it can be safely cast to a value of type char.
int c;
while ((c=in.read())!= -1) {ch = (char)c; ... }
Risk Assessment
Storing signed data in a variable of the unsigned type char can lead to misinterpreted data and possibly to memory leaks. Furthermore, comparing a value of type char with -1 never evaluates to true. This error could lead to a denial-of-service attack.
Rule |
Severity |
Likelihood |
Remediation Cost |
Priority |
Level |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
INT35- J |
low |
unlikely |
low |
P3 |
L3 |
Automated Detection
FindBugs version 1.3.9 can detect violations of this rule with the INT: Bad comparison of nonnegative value with negative constant detector.
Related Vulnerabilities
Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule on the CERT website.
Other Languages
This rule appears in the C Secure Coding Standard as FIO34-C. Use int to capture the return value of character IO functions.
This rule appears in the C++ Secure Coding Standard as FIO34-CPP. Use int to capture the return value of character IO functions.
References
[[API 06]] Class InputStream
[[JLS 05]] 4.2 Primitive Types and Values
[[Pugh 08]] "Waiting for the end"
INT34-J. Perform explicit range checking to ensure integer operations do not overflow 05. Integers (INT) INT36-J. Use shift operators correctly