Page History

Holding locks while performing time-consuming or blocking operations can severely degrade system performance and can result in starvation. Furthermore, deadlock may   can result if too many interdependent threads block indefinitely. Blocking operations include network, file, and console I/O , invoking methods such as (for example, Console.readLine()) and letting object serialization. Deferring a thread defer itself indefinitely also constitutes a blocking operation. Consequently, programs must not perform blocking operations while holding a lock.

When the Java Virtual Machine Wiki MarkupIf the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) interacts with a file system that operates over an unreliable network, file I/O might also incur a large performance penalty. In such cases, avoid file I/O over the network while holding a lock. File operations (such as logging ) that may could block while waiting for the output stream lock or for I/O to complete may could be performed in a dedicated thread to speedup speed up task processing. Logging requests can be added to a queue given , assuming that the {{the queue's put()}} operation incurs little overhead as compared to file I/O \ [[Goetz 06, pg 244|AA. Java References#Goetz 06]\]Goetz 2006].

Noncompliant Code Example (

...

Deferring a Thread)

This noncompliant code example defines a utility method that accepts a time parameter. argument:

privatepublic synchronized void doSomething(long time)
                         throws InterruptedException {
  // ...
  Thread.sleep(time);
}

Because the method is synchronized, if when the thread is suspended, other threads are unable to cannot use the synchronized methods of the class. In other words, the The current object's monitor is not releasedcontinues to be held because the Thread.sleep() method lacks synchronization semantics.

Compliant Solution (

...

Intrinsic Lock)

This compliant solution defines the synchronized doSomething() method with a timeout parameter instead of rather than the time value. The use of the Using Object.wait() method instead of Thread.sleep() allows setting a time out for a period in timeout period during which a notify signal notification may awaken the thread.

privatepublic synchronized void doSomething( long timeout)
                                     throws InterruptedException {
// ...
  while (<condition does not hold>) {
    wait(timeout); // Immediately releases lock onthe current monitor
  }
}

The current object's monitor is immediately released upon entering the wait state. After When the time out timeout period has elapsedelapses, the thread attempts to reacquire resumes execution after reacquiring the current object's monitor and resumes execution when it succeeds.unmigrated-wiki-markup

According to the Java API \ Class Object documentation [[API 06|AA. Java References#API 06]\], class {{Object}} documentation:API 2014]

Note that the wait method, as it places the current thread into the wait set for this object, unlocks only this object; any other objects on which the current thread may be synchronized remain locked while the thread waits.

This method should only be called by a thread that is the owner of this object's monitor.

Consequently, Programs must ensure that a thread threads that holds hold locks on other objects releases them release those locks appropriately , before entering the wait state. Also, refer to the related guidelines CON18Additional guidance on waiting and notification is available in THI03-J. Always invoke wait() and await() methods inside a loop and CON19THI02-J. Notify all waiting threads instead of rather than a single thread.

Noncompliant Code Example (Network I/O)

This noncompliant code example shows the method defines a sendPage() method that sends a Page object from a server to a client. The method is synchronized so that to protect the pageBuff array pageBuff is accessed safely, when multiple threads request concurrent access.

// Class Page is defined separately. 
// It stores and returns the Page name via getName()

public final boolean SUCCESS = true;
public final boolean FAILURE = false;
Page[] pageBuff = new Page[MAX_PAGE_SIZE];

public synchronized boolean sendPage(Socket socket, String pageName) 
                                     throws IOException {
  // Get the output stream to write the Page to
  ObjectOutputStream out 
      = new ObjectOutputStream(socket.getOutputStream());

  // Find the Page requested by the client
  // (this operation requires synchronization)
  Page targetPage = null;
  for (Page p : pageBuff) {
    if (p.getName().compareTo(pageName) == 0) {
      targetPage = p;
    }
  }

  // Requested Page does not exist
  if (targetPage == null) {
    return FAILUREfalse;
  } 

  // Send the Page to the client
  // (does not require any synchronization)
  out.writeObject(targetPage);

  out.flush();
  out.close();
  return SUCCESStrue;
}

Calling writeObject() within the synchronized sendPage() method can result in delays and deadlock-like conditions in high-latency networks or when network connections are inherently lossy.

Compliant Solution

This compliant solution entails separating separates the actions process into a sequence of steps:

1. Perform actions on data structures requiring synchronization.
2. Create copies of the objects

...

1. to be sent.
2. Perform network calls in a separate

...

1. unsynchronized method.

In this compliant solution, the unsynchronized sendPage() method calls the synchronized method getPage() is called from an unsynchronized method sendPage(), to find retrieve the requested Page in the pageBuff array. After the Page is retrieved, the method sendPage() calls the unsynchronized method deliverPage() method to deliver the Page to the client.

// No synchronization
public boolean sendPage(Socket socket, String pageName) { // No synchronization
  Page targetPage = getPage(pageName); 

  if (targetPage == null){
    return FAILUREfalse;
  }
  return deliverPage(socket, targetPage);
}

// Requires synchronization
private synchronized Page getPage(String pageName) { // Requires synchronization
  Page targetPage = null;

  for (Page p : pageBuff) {
    if (p.getName().equals(pageName)) {
      targetPage = p;
    }
  }
  return targetPage;
}

// Return false if an error occurs, true if successful
public boolean deliverPage(Socket socket, Page page) {
  ObjectOutputStream out = null;
  boolean result = true;
  try {
    // Get the output stream to write the Page to
    ObjectOutputStream out = new ObjectOutputStream(socket.getOutputStream());

    // Send the Pagepage to the client
    out.writeObject(page);out.flush();

  } catch (IOException io) {
    // If recovery is not possible return FAILURE
    return FAILURE;    
  } finally {
    out.flush();
    out.close();
  }  
  return SUCCESSresult = false;
  } finally {
    if (out != null) {
      try {
        out.close();
      } catch (IOException e) {
        result = false;
      }
    }
  }
  return result;
}

Exceptions

EX1LCK09-J-EX0: Classes that are compliant with the guideline CON24provide an appropriate termination mechanism to callers are permitted to violate this rule (see THI04-J. Ensure that threads and tasks performing blocking operations can be terminated in that they provide an appropriate termination mechanism to callers, are allowed to violate this guideline.).

LCK09-J-EX1: Methods that require EX2: A method that requires multiple locks may hold several locks while waiting for the remaining locks to be become available. This constitutes a valid exception, though care must be taken to avoid deadlock. See CON12although the programmer must follow other applicable rules, especially LCK07-J. Avoid deadlock by requesting and releasing locks in the same order for more information to avoid deadlock .

Risk Assessment

If blocking Blocking or time consuming lengthy operations are performed within synchronized regions , temporary or permanent deadlock may resultcould result in a deadlocked or unresponsive system.

Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule on the CERT website.

References

\[[API 06|AA. Java References#API 06]\] Class {{Object}}
\[[Grosso 01|AA. Java References#Grosso 01]\] [Chapter 10: Serialization|http://oreilly.com/catalog/javarmi/chapter/ch10.html]
\[[JLS 05|AA. Java References#JLS 05]\] [Chapter 17, Threads and Locks|http://java.sun.com/docs/books/jls/third_edition/html/memory.html]
\[[Rotem 08|AA. Java References#Rotem 08]\] [Falacies of Distributed Computing Explained|http://www.rgoarchitects.com/Files/fallacies.pdf]

Automated Detection

Some static analysis tools are capable of detecting violations of this rule.

Related Guidelines

Bibliography

...

Image Added Image Added Image AddedCON19-J. Notify all waiting threads instead of a single thread      11. Concurrency (CON)      CON21-J. Facilitate thread reuse by using Thread Pools